Corporal Punishment in Schools Essay

Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable (Miller, Vandome, & McBrewster, 2009). Corporal punishment can be divided into three categories, these include: judicial, domestic and school. For the purpose of this essay we will be focusing on school corporal punishment, the advantages and guidelines to follow when using corporal punishment and the disadvantages and effects on children when child abuse is used in the name of corporal punishment. According to Vockell (1991), â€Å"Corporal punishment is the infliction of physical pain, contingent upon the occurrence of a misbehavior† (p. 278). It is a very controversial topic that is raised amongst educators across the nation. There are always advantages and disadvantages when hitting a child in the name of corporal punishment and the techniques used when punishing the child. Quite a few people support corporal punishment as an effective way of disciplining a child, while a large number of people believe corporal punishment is a cruel and inhumane way to deal with the child. Sometimes all children need is a little spanking to set them straight, help them see the errors of their ways, but, how would you know when you’re crossed the line from disciplining the child to committing child abuse. According to an article by Clark (2004): John Wilson suggests there are six advantages of corporal punishment: cheap and easy to administer, effective deterrent, effective reform, adjustable pain, fair: because of similar dislike of pain, no permanent damage (p.363). Some people who support corporal punishment can see only the positive effects of these advantages. Out of these six advantages and for the purpose of this essay, we will be focusing on five of the advantages. The first advantage of corporal punishment is that â€Å"it is cheap and easy to administer.† This simply means that, it will cost less to spank a child instead of a long period of imprisonment and if one does not care about the â€Å"niceties† about hitting a child, it can be easily administered. The second advantage that was stated by Wilson is that it is an â€Å"effective deterrent.† Educators believe that corporal punishment is the only language children understand because it is perceived as unpleasant. This may sound like a disad vantage, but, punishment by its own definition involves unpleasant stimulations. Children will likely keep to the rules govern by the institution because they would fear the physical pain and humiliation. The third advantage stated by Wilson is â€Å"effective reform,† this is the disciplining or reforming of a wrongdoer for misbehavior. As with effective deterrent, effective reform, also uses fear of physical pain and humiliation for attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable, to help improve or mend one’s ways. Another one of Wilson’s advantages states that â€Å"it is fair for all, since all people are similar in their dislike of pain† (Clark, 2004, p. 367). The recipients of physical pain knows how much it hurts to be spanked, paddled, canned, flogged or smacked, so they would try to stay clear of the obvious consequence. The final advantage states that there is â€Å"no permanent damage: when using corporal punishment. The recipients will learn self discipline when being administer corporal punishment as long as you follow the guidelines used in the institutions. These guidelines are put in place to help educators be responsible when disciplining a ch ild using corporal punishment. Simply put, the guidelines are a â€Å"How to manual† when administering corporal punishment. So here are some main guidelines of behavior management for corporal punishment. Firstly, educators should not use corporal punishment when a more appropriate technique is available, but there are always eases where sparing the rod can also spoil the child. If corporal punishment must be administered, educators should have a clear head. Teachers should not take out there anger and frustration out on the child. Punishment must be administered soon after the offence. Children tend to forget the reason why they are being punished after a long period of time has passed, making them believe that they should not be punished. It is also best to specify the behavior being punished. Educators must administer corporal punishment dispassionately. Teachers tend to spank or hit a child more aggressively because they might not like the child as a person. Not to mention, teachers should be bother wh en they are administering corporal punishment to any child. Administer corporal punishment in front of appropriate witnesses, these witnesses should be regarded as reliable and truthful in case of litigation. And, corporal punishment should be carried out with appropriate confidentiality, because, what good would it do to humiliate the child. And finally, make sure you follow all the rules and regulations prescribed by the school system, this is to assure you have the support and an effective defense, should a legal challenge arise. But with every advantage there is an equal disadvantage. Most people believe that corporal punishment in schools is not morally acceptance. This is where the disadvantages occur. According to Vockell (1991), â€Å"punishment is not likely to be logically related to the misbehavior† (p. 279). This just means that the students who are punished for misbehavior not worthy of punishment are victims of artificial punishment. Artificial punishment simply means, using another means of punishment instead of corporal punishment. The second disadvantage is that physical punishment often models socially inappropriate behavior to the child. According to Vockell (1991), a solid finding from child-rearing research states that, children who are spanked more often than others are more likely to hit other children and act out aggressively while growing up. Parents and teachers need to reason with children to make them better understand that there are consequences to their actions. The children should know that it hurts the adults more than its hurts them to be spanked. And, by explaining this to the children, they would not grow up solving their problems by hitting people that annoy them. Another disadvantage is that corporal punishment may inflict real injury to the child that can be related to child abuse. Teachers can sometimes take out there anger and frustration on children in the name of corporal punishment, leaving them with broken bones, torn ligaments, whiplash injury, blindness and in some cases death, just to name a few. Lastly, because of the injuries that children can sometimes sustain in the name of corporal punishment, litigation can occur. In the face of these injuries lawsuits are filed prohibiting corporal punishment in schools. Educators who believe that corporal punishment should be banned from school institution think that the physical and psychological effect on children far outweighs the advantages of corporal punishment. The arguments that are raised against corporal punishment said that is leads to abuse, it is degrading and humiliating, it is psychologically damaging and it teaches the wrong lesson. As always, there are instances where, corporal punishment can lead to abuse. A teacher maybe angry and frustrated at home and take out there vindictiveness and retaliation on the child. These teachers would then be crossing the line to physical abuse. Corporal punishment can be a degrading and humiliating form of punishment, because it involves the â€Å"direct and intense power to the body† especially if this punishment is carried out in front of the child’s peers. Corporal punishment can be psychologically damaging to a child. It causes submissiveness in the child affected by it, making them easy prey for predators who might sexually exploit them. No one can expect a child who is conditioned for corporal punishment to simply say no to a molester. And lastly, corporal punishment can sometimes teach the wrong lessons to children. According to Benatar (2001), â€Å"punishing a wrongdoer by inflicting physical pain sends the message that violence is an appropriate way to settle differences or to respond to problems. In conclusion, the arguments for corporal punishment might be practical and the only way for a wrongdoer to learn discipline and respect, but, at the end of the day, according to Europe (2007), â€Å"hitting people is wrong and children are people too† (5 p.). The effects on the children when using corporal punishment can be most damaging to their physical and emotional self. Even with school systems guidelines, teachers still commit child abuse in the name of corporal punishment. Bibliography B., P. (2006-2011). Phil For Humanity. Retrieved April 25, 2011, from The Pros and Cons Of Corporal Punishment: http://www.philforhumanity.com/Corporal_Punishment.html Benatar, D. (2001, October). Corpun. Retrieved April 25, 2011, from Corporal Punishment: http://www.corpun.com/benatar.htm Clark, J. (2004). Aganist the Corporal Punishment of Children. Cambridge Journal of Education , 363. Europe, C. o. (2007). Abolishing Corporal Punishment of Children: questions and answers. Council of Europe. Miller, F. P., Vandome, A. F., & McBrewster, J. (2009). Corporal Punishment. VDM Publishing House Ltd. Vockell, E. L. (1991). Corporal Punishment: The Pros and Cons. The Clearing House , 278-283.

Nida and Taber: Formal Correspondence and Dynamic Equivalence

Nida and Taber: Formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence — which in the second edition by Nida and Taber (1982) is referred to as formal correspondence —and dynamic equivalence. Formal correspondence ‘focuses attention on the message itself,in both form and content', unlike dynamic equivalence which is based upon ‘the principle of equivalent effect' (1964:159). In the second edition (1982) or their work, the two theorists provide a more detailed explanation of each type of equivalence.Formal correspondence consists of a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a SLword or phrase. Nida and Taber make it clear that there are not always formal equivalents between language pairs. They therefore suggest that these formal equivalents should be usedwherever possible if the translation aims at achieving formal rather than dynamic equivalence. The use of formal equ ivalents might at times have serious implications in the TT since thetranslation will not be easily understood by the target audience (Fawcett, 1997).Nida andTaber themselves assert that ‘Typically, formal correspondence distorts the grammatical andstylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause thereceptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard' (ibid. :201). Dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the TL wording will trigger the same impact on the TC audience as the original wording did upon the ST audience.Theyargue that ‘Frequently, the form of the original text is changed; but as long as the changefollows the rules of back transformation in the source language, of contextual consistency inthe transfer, and of transformation in the receptor language, the message is preserved and thetranslation is faithful' ( Nida and Taber, 1982:200). One can easily see that Nida is in favour of the application of dynamic equivalence, as a moreeffective translation procedure. This is perfectly understandable if we take into account thecontext of the situation in which Nida was dealing with the translation phenomenon, that is tosay, his translation of the Bible.Thus, the product of the translation process, that is the text inthe TL, must have the same impact on the different readers it was addressing. Only in Nidaand Taber's edition is it clearly stated that ‘dynamic equivalence in translation is far more thanmere correct communication of information' (ibid:25). Despite using a linguistic approach to translation, Nida is much more interested in themessage of the text or, in other words, in its semantic quality. He therefore strives to makesure that this message remains clear in the target text.

Andrew Carnegie

The following paper discusses the biography of Andrew Carnegie, an entrepreneur and founder of the American steel Industry, his life, the major influences and significance of his work and the impact of his life on others. Andrew Carnegie helped build the formidable American steel industry and then sold his steel business and systematically gave his collected fortune away to cultural, educational and scientific institutions for the improvement of mankind. This paper examines the way in which Carnegie, who was one of the first industrialists to use scientists to research his own business, came to be the wealthiest man of his time, in the world.During his final years, Carnegie spent most of his time in endeavors to promote world peace. He built both the Pan American Union building in Washington D.C. and the Hague Peace Palace, in the Netherlands to support international peace.The outbreak of World War I was devastating to him, and he died August 11, 1919 in Lenox, Massachusetts. By the time he died, Carnegie had given away $350,695,653 and had given another $30,000,000 to foundations, pensions and charities. Andrew Carnegie is considered one of the greatest philanthropists in the world and one of the wea lthiest men who ever lived (http://www.carnegie.lib.oh.us/andrewcarnegie.htm).

The UK Automobile Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The UK Automobile Industry - Essay Example Research and development along the years led to the opening and closing of many plants in the UK. The world's leading vehicle and automotive component companies have long seen the United Kingdom as being an important location for manufacturing. The industry is one that is a strong combination of heritage and change. The automotive industry in UK contributes around 10 billion GBP annually toward the economy, with 210,000 people employed in the design and manufacturing of vehicles and components and a further of 570,000 in the supply, service and repair segment in the Automotive Industry making the UK automobile industry a major contributor to the economy. In 2006, 1,442,085 cars were produced, 77 percent of which were for export. U.K. automotive reports indicate a revenue of 20 billion GBP as generated by exports including cars, commercial vehicles and a wide range of components, thus establishing the Automotive Industry in the U.K. as the biggest contributor in the manufacturing export sector (Source - SMMT). The current market scenario of the UK Automotive Industry is in stark contrast with that which was 40 years ago when most of the manufactured cars were meant for local markets. In today's scenario, most of the produced cars are meant for exports catering to a variety of car markets in Europe, North America and Asia and the specialist marques sold around the globe. There are more than 2600 car component manufacturers in the UK contributing over 4.8 billion GBP and employing over 132,000 people. Thirteen of the world's largest manufacturers from around the globe have some presence in the UK, be it in the manufacturing division or the retail segment. The Automotive Industry in the UK has the presence of 2 distinct automotive businesses, Japanese and non Japanese. The Japanese vehicle manufacturers who have a base in the UK have improved productivity of the UK automotive industry whilst driving down costs thus displaying exemplary management and contributing to the UK Industry as a whole. The UK has the most diverse range of car producers in any country in the world. The volume car producers that manufacture in the UK are BMW (Mini, Rolls Royce), Volkswagen (Bentley), Ford (Jaguar, Land Rover), Honda, Nissan, Toyota and GM (Vauxhall / Opel). The total UK manufacturing

APPLIED PROJECT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

APPLIED PROJECT - Research Paper Example Health Savings Accounts Introduction Health care is one of the basic needs and therefore every person is entitled to proper health care. The government may fund medical expenses but that is only to certain limit. This places the responsibility of better and advanced health care in the hands of the individual. In the US, taxpayers enrolled in High Deductible Health Plan (HDHP) have an advantage of benefiting from HSA, a custodial account or tax-advantaged/ tax-exempted medical savings account (Feldstein, 2006). Description of HSA At the time of deposit, funds contributed to HSA are exempted from federal income tax. Unlike the Health Reimbursement Arrangements (HRAs) which are company owned, HSAs are owned by individuals. A qualified trustee for example an insurance company, a bank or anybody who has already been approved by the Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs), is required for the setting up of an HSA. Currently, funds in the HSAs can be used to fund qualified medical expense s at any moment without penalty or federal tax liability (Heffley and Miceli, 1997). HSA is important in enhancing the efficiency of the general health care system and reducing growth in the costs of health care (Ozanna, 1996). This account also encourages individuals to save money that will be used for future medical expenses hence they are able to receive the kind of medical care at any time. This means no one can limit the benefits they are allowed to enjoy at any time. It makes people to see the cost of medical procedures or doctors and this motivates them to shop for healthcare and ask related questions just as they do in other expenses. Withdrawals made from the HSA for non-medical expenses done after retirement provide tax advantages just as those in the IRA but if taken earlier, they incur penalties. The attractive advantages provided by HSA have led to its increased consumption. Since the passage of federal legislation that offer incentives to individuals who choose such pl ans as HSA, there has been a boost in consumer driven health care (CDHC) in the US since 2003. This has led to an increase in the annual consumption of HSA. This is indicated by the consumer surveys data of 2010 and that of 2011 that supports the acceptance of HSA in the US one of the mainstream healthcare options (Tables 1 and 2) (IRS, 2010 and IRS 2011). It is also supported by 2004-2011 contribution limits that indicate a general upward trend for all the years as seen in Table 3. The consumer survey data also indicates that individuals with a health care plan that is compatible with HSA have similar characteristics as those with traditional health care plans like PPQs and HMOs. These include age, income and health. Consumer survey revealed that 59.8% were aged 45 years and above, the annual household income for 42.1% of the consumers ranged between $50,000 and $100,000 and 95.8% considered themselves to be of better or average health (Feldstein, 2006). In terms of annual growth, HSA has been experiencing a general positive growth. As of January 2007, 4.5 Americans were covered by health plans that are HSA-qualified. This was indicated by data from survey conducted by America’s Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) on health insurers. This represented a 1.3 million increase since January 2006. Among the 4.5 million people 3.4 were covered through plans that were sponsored by their employers while the

Business Oulining Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Oulining - Research Proposal Example MARKETING PLAN From statistics, it showed that the existing similar businesses in the area are very few and don’t serve the population to maximum. The firm will ensure that it offers maximum products and services to the customers; the main targeted customers include individuals, institutions, contractors and other commercial and industrial customers. Price strategy will be laid down considering the corresponding cost of product, labour and prices charged by other competitors. The business will advertise its goods through posters, trade exhibitions and mass media. This will enable the business to compete effectively with other enterprises. The opportunity is quite promising since the competition is not that high. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT The owner of the business will be overall manager. Having obtained a Masters degree in Business Management hence will have high skills in management field. His duties will be setting business goals, making decisions, recruiting new employees and overall supervision of the business. The owner will employ a number of qualified staff who will assist in carrying out various duties involved in the business. The workers experts from the business related field. Recruitment of a new staff and motivation will be tactfully applied. Promotion of staff will be considered and incentives will be offered depending on qualifications, experience, long-service and hard working. The business will obtain all necessary legal documents e.g. licenses and the supportive services such as insurance, banking services shall be provided OPERATIONAL PLAN The business will operate on a considerable rented hall. It will start operating early January 2015. The premises will be equipped with all important facilities e.g. telephone, toilets, etc. Operational days will be throughout the week from 8.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m. apart from Sundays and Public Holidays where the business shall remain closed. Financial plan The estimated amount of money required to s tart the business is $20,000. The source of the funds will be personal savings of $5000 shillings, a bank loan of $12,000 and donation from friends and well wishers of $2000. The break-even point of the business is estimated to be $ 15000 and the gross profit margin ration is estimated to be 87.97%. the business plans to make contact to 300 business owners per month and convert it to total of 15 sales per month in a minimum of 10,000 loan request from merchants at 5% commission will be estimated income of $7500 per month. I am expecting to pay back the amount monthly in 5 years. I am passionate in helping small business to survive. Item Cost E-mail greeting for sales $50 Desk top $900 Desk and chair purchase $200 Leads to call $700 for 3 months $2100 Paper and office supplies $700 Simple website set up $500 Home line and greeting setup $100 Email and domain setup $20 Hire an attorney for applications and agreements with Merchants $500Â   Create a company name and other company setu ps $800 List of questions for Merchants 400 CRM $5500 Extra Employee pay for 3 months $7200 Total $15,000 Executive Summary Rosie Neek investment Limited is an Independent sales operator (ISO) working in the merchant industry to help build profitable businesses by lending to potential customers. They serve as links to business requiring capital boosts while charging transaction, statements and monthly minimum fees. The business is based in 40 Wall Street, New York. ISOs makes business to

Class Dialogue Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Class Dialogue - Assignment Example Libreria Editrice Vaticana: 6-10, and 244 Accessed Online from http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20131124_evangelii-gaudium.html. As seen from the social settings that human beings are separated either by color or ethnicity, it is no surprise that Catholics are seen the same way by other religions. Christians have been ridiculed this leading to division. In context, the topic at hand is covered by this source as it projects the dimensions of faith and how such faith can be distorted given that other religions and some races within Christianity do not auger well with each other. Racism is the bias towards a certain race. The Catholic Church as been viewed as one among the foundations of Christianity. However, politics have been immersed in to the church with racial profiling of clergies and other service individuals segregated along these lines. In context, this source provides supporting dialogue confirming that racism as well as favoritism are particulars in Christianity and thus more perspectives of analyzing the church should be considered. This quote shows that the division among Christians continues to be the very reason that Christians are unable to live or co-exist peacefully. In nations ravaged by violence, the Christians are even in a worse situation as the lack of unity projects even further complications as to how to conquer the hardships. Racial profiling is a problem in the justice system as it is in the religious setting. Considering the crises in Egypt and Nigeria, religious wars and lack of cooperation among Christians has driven the bar of reconciliation further as terror rages on. For instance, the abduction of school girls in Nigeria by a terror militia shows that the racial and religious conflicts continue to rage due to division among the Christians as pointed out by the USCCB. Paul VI. (1975). Pope Francis’ Evangelii Gaudium. Libreria Editrice

Metals in Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Metals in Sports - Essay Example Metals have gained one of the most diverse applications in sports today. Their qualities make them useful in the process of creating a range of sporting equipment. For instance, metals are used to make goals. Most goal frames are metallic in nature and the reason behind this is that metals possess a high density thus giving them the ability to resist movements, pushes and shoves during the goal hitting process. Metallic goals are common in games such as hockey, soccer, rugby, handball and many more. (Review Centre, 2008) These days, metals are being used to make bats, sticks and clubs. Bats are largely associated with games such as baseball. The latter category is a recent introduction to the game and it has generated a lot of heated debate about the limits and applicability of metals in sports. This is largely because bats are subjected to a lot of movement and are likely to make frequent contact with the respective players. The controversies behind the use of metallic bats shall be examined in subsequent portions of the essay. Certain clubs may be made (in part) of metals. However, most of the time, these clubs are composite items that require the good properties in metal to work hand in hand with other materials. Clubs are usually linked to the game of golf. In close relation to the latter use is the use of sticks in games such as hockey. ... In basketball, the rim that holds a net is metallic in nature. This is necessary so as to provide a strong material that can be used as a support for the heavy players making their pointers. In tennis and badminton, metals are also used as frames to support nets. This is largely because metals are easy to form and can therefore provide a firm shape against which players can play the game. The same qualities can be used to explain why metals are used in volleyball and fishing too. Tackle and rods are also made up of this material known as metal. This is because fishing entails the capture of heavy materials that may only be possible through the utilization of a firm and strong support that can withstand the weight of some of these heavy fish. Metals are particularly useful in the creation of protective sports equipment. Usually, these protective gears may be for the facial area, thighs, shins and many others. Examples of equipment that may be made up of these metals include Cup Thigh pads Shin pads Helmets Mouth guards Interestingly enough, metal can also be found in footwear. This is especially the case in sports that require contact with ice or water. In the process of making boards for surfing, it is common to find this material especially in equipments such as boards for snowboarding and skate boarding equipment. Because the latter materials require a certain level of smoothness and strength that is difficult to achieve with other materials, then the better option to choose in this regard is a metal. Gometals.com (2008) Metals are also particularly useful in sporting events that involve the use of skates. In ice skating and roller skating, metals are used to create the wheels or the skates that are essential for movement

Cross cultural management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cross cultural management - Essay Example Studies of the ancient china are useful in the understanding of the leadership models in modern china. Research on Chinese leadership is accredited to a scholar known as Misumi, who was Japanese. According to his research, he categorized Chinese leadership into two major classifications notably the model of performance and the maintenance. Maintenance factor is the step taken towards improvement of the human labour force. An interesting close examination of the leadership style adopted in China reveals that leadership characteristics are spread along the organizations with close similarity. For example, according to Mobley, Wang and Li, the survey conducted on state owned enterprises and the private owned enterprises shows that the managers are more sensitive to the environment, are less authoritarian, and encourage a lot of moral behaviors. In particular, the traditional cultural values have more often shaped the styles of leadership and mode of management in china. According to Bod en, leadership in china originates from various qualities as compared to other nations; leaders are created on the basis of knowledge and attitude. The advantage that the ruler has is that the Chinese are very loyal to their leaders and are always ready to take up the responsibility whenever a need arises. The current leaders in china are more linked to the olden traditional rulers because they share certain traditional similarities. According to Boden (2008), these values are Confucian approach, legalistic approach, naturalistic approach, as well as the strategic approach. The Confucian approach, which is also known as the humanistic leadership requires a leader to have moral character and proper conduct. He is also expected to be a lifelong learner. The legalistic approach demands that a leader undergoes punishment whenever he goes wrong; it articulates for stricter codes of conduct. This leader is also expected to have the skills of attracting skilled and knowledgeable followers, rather than them having to display their skills. In this case, the leader is expected to be wise, and at all times, avoid getting into trouble. The delegated duties should be accompanied by rewards if a worker performs well. China is a unique nation with a different cultural setup compared to other nations in the West; this has led to its unique ways of leadership styles that do not conform so much to those of the Western countries. The methods of leadership practiced in other nations have to be greatly modified if they are to fit the nation of China and the vice versa. Gallo points out that â€Å"in fact many of them will never work well here† (2011, p. 5), meaning in China. There are cultural differences that exist between China and the countries from the west. There is also difference in which expectations are laid between the workers and the leaders. Another contributing factor to these differences in leadership styles are the societal values that do vary; some of the values from other nations that may be seen as good can be perceived differently in China. Challenges of leadership are complicated and harder especially when members of an organization come from different cultural setups from that of their leader. The naturalistic appr

Crime and Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime and Punishment - Essay Example t or whether, a complaint should be dropped due to lack of sufficient evidences or the unavailability of key witnesses whose depositions are important for framing charges against the alleged offenders. 2. The prosecutor is expected to inform victims of the pressing of criminal charges against the suspect(s), inform the rights of the victims, the availability of legal assistance in the event parties are not able to afford legal services, the dates on which Courts would take up hearing of cases, plea agreement, pre-trial diversion, changes in court schedules, and the date, time and venue in which sentencing would take place. (The Role of Criminal Justice System Personnel). A social construct could be said to be a social framework, categorization or grouping that envisages viewing of an individual, group or idea in terms of social or culture constructions. (Social constructs - Definition of key race relations terms, (2008). Social status, for one thing, could be said to be a social construct. It is often seen that in the US, the cases of discrimination while deciding criminal cases based on social status are quite large and disproportionate. The discretionary powers of the main players, including the prosecutors are immense and may allow scope for unfair treatment of process of meting justice of a social race or person with social background. (Klepper et al, 1983, P 55). It is seen that often prosecutors may dismiss a case on the assumption that if the case were pursued in Court, the judges would do likewise, and thereby, discrimination may be shown to certain races or classes of citizens which reflect on social constructions. The origin of these myths is from the media and vested groups who seek political mileage from spreading myths; community leaders reinforce them and law enforcement agencies who believe that crime needs to be punished, or criminal minds need to be corrected and modified to suit social and environmental requirements. As a prosecutor it is

Poverty and Children in the United States Essay Example for Free

Poverty and Children in the United States Essay Poverty is the classification of people that fall under a certain income bracket set by the government. Poverty is broken down in to two groups relative and absolute. Relative poverty is in relation to some people have more where as absolute poverty is considered life-threatening. Poverty affects people of age, race and ethnicity, and gender and family patterns. Each group that is affected typically carries the pattern from one generation the next generation making the social status difficult to change (Macionis, 2006). Although poverty can affect many different types of people those most affected by poverty are the children and women which make up 55 percent of the poor population. There continues to be blame on why people are poor and why they cannot change their lives to do better. Some people believe that it is an endless battle and once poor always poor and it is too difficult to change living situations. Poverty affects children in many ways health, food, shelter, education and exposure to violence. The cause of poverty to children is directly related to poverty in women. The beliefs of the causes of poverty according to the Encyclopedia of Women and Gender (2001), â€Å"Individualistic beliefs focus on personality attributes. These beliefs include irresponsibility, lack of discipline and effort, or lower ability and talent. Structuralistic beliefs incorporate the larger socioeconomic system such as low wages for some jobs, poor schools, prejudice, discrimination, and job availability. Fatalistic beliefs as to the reasons for a persons poverty status focus on such things as bad luck, chance, and fate.† Most poverty that affects women are those that are single mothers although these women worked they made too much for public  assistance but not enough to be able to take care of themselves and their children with proper housing, food, clothing and health care. The lack of health care directly relates to the health of children. When a mother cannot afford health care for herself during pregnancy, health issues are passed to the child. The child is then born with health issues that will continue to go untreated due to lack of health care. The single mother that makes too much to qualify for public assi stance, does not make enough to purchase medical coverage for herself and her family (Encyclopedia of Women and Gender (2001). In 1996, policies to the welfare system were changed greatly. Agencies could cut assistance to families without notice. Only women with a child under that age of one were able to get assistance without much red tape. Most states allowed people to be on assistance for a maximum of two years. There were programs designed to help women get jobs and off welfare but federal minimum wage is not enough to support a family. Without welfare assistance women and their children fall back into poverty (Encyclopedia of Women and Gender (2001). According to Duncan, G., Yeung, W., Brooks-Gunn, J., and Smith, J. (1998), there are many factors the most significant is the relation to the paternal social economic status and how it effects to the child’s and adults achievements. Most that is in a poor social status tend to be poorly educated and have children out of marriage which add an extra strain to the families which can result in physical harm to the child. Adults with children that struggle to feed, clothe and house their children are easily stressed and at times react in extreme punishment to the children blaming the child for the situation that the family is currently in. Once children are exposed to domestic violence and violence upon themselves then the cycle usually cont inues from generation to generation. Not being able to break the cycle can be a factor of poor education. Poor education is part of living in poor cities urban and rural. Families that are poor are only accepted by those that are like them, poor. So families that are in these communities seem to be stuck in the social status and cycle. Not knowing how to get out or afraid to get out of that status. If that status is something a person has always known some will not think anything different than that status being a normal way of life. According to Fantuzzo, J., Fusco, R., Mohr, W., Perry, M. (2007), during violence witnessed by children the perpetrators were more likely to be  arrested then times when children were not present. The police officers were concern that it was of great importance to send a message the violence is wrong. When it comes to domestic violence children are likely to have serious issue with development. These children tend to be more withdrawn from others and have poor social skills. There are many agencies that help assist the children in cases where the children are in danger from others. Such agencies are child protected services (CPS). Services such as CPS assist in placing child in home that will help to protect them from violence and neglect. With all of the research that has been done on how violence affects children in poverty there is no accuracy to the full impact of violence and children. According to Koch (2000), â€Å"The child poverty rate has declined slowly since 1993, and the rate of black child poverty is the lowest in history. But 13.5 million American children still live in poverty the highest rate of any industrialized country. Conservatives attribute the decline to welfare reform, which forced millions of single welfare mothers to go to work. But child advocates like the Childrens Defense Fund say that progress in reducing child poverty has slowed markedly and that cuts in social service programs made the poorest families poorer.† Today the rich still get richer and it seems that the poor continue to get poorer and the children of these poor families are the ones that are suffering the most. Most of the child poverty is in inner cities (urban areas). Families move to urban areas for better opportunities for themselves and their families but it has not improved these families quality of life. These families want to give their children a better chance to succeed by moving to these urban areas but that idea seems to be failing. Some will say that these families suffer from being dependent on welfare dependency but in truth these child suffer because wages are to low and housing is too high for their par ents to be able to make ends meet and try to get ahead of the system. With welfare assistance these children would not have food to eat and medical care. Welfare assistance assists the parents to help provide for the child when their financial income does not adequately provide for the child (Koch, 2000). The United States is supposed to have the most wealth but with that wealth the United States also has the highest child poverty as illustrated in the above chart (Koch, 2000). Most families that fall in to the poverty level make minimum wage jobs and will never be able  to get out of the poverty level. With these families they are usually poor educated which greatly impacts their earnings. Since some families work more than one job to try to make ends meet there is not time to try to better educate them. The children of these families learn from example and will continue to develop the habits of their parents. Working low paying jobs to provide food, clothing and shelter from their children will continue to be the pattern and education will be far down on the list (Koch, 2000). There has been some change to welfare reform law called Charitable Choice, this changes has made it easier for the government to be able to contract religious groups to provide social services to the poor. Many programs have come from this reform like Big Brothers/Big Sisters which is a mentoring program that helps children see a different way of life and have a positive role model to help encourage these poor children to stay in school, go to college and understand that though they may come from poor families does not mean that they have to continue in the path of their parents. These programs help children to gain confidence in the child. These programs also cut first time drug use by half and violent acts by a third. Although faith based organizations cannot replace the government programs faith based organization over lap government programs by 75 percent which include medical aid, housing, help pay bills for heating and water and educational programs to help those get back on their feet to help better provide for their families (Koch, 2000). Poverty affects everyone not just the people living in poverty. The group that is most affected by poverty is the child. Without proper care and basic needs taken care of these children of poverty will become ill and some of these children die. These children have poor education and many do not stay in school to get there high school diploma. The children of poverty usually drop out of school to help provide for those that are in the home assisting their parents in paying the bills and providing food. These jobs are once again low paying jobs and the cycle continues. Without proper education the pattern will never end, with government assistance and faith based organizations to help these families and mentor their children will help for these children to get out of the poor status and has a chance to get off government assistance in the future. Everyone needs to be aware that although the United States is considered a wealthy country, there is poverty in the United States and the people need  to work together to break the cycle and make sure that the child are taken care of, so they can live a productive, healthy and happy life. References Duncan, G., Yeung, W., Brooks-Gunn, J., Smith, J. (1998). How much does childhood poverty affect the life chances of children? American Sociological Review, 63(3), 406-423. Retrieved April 4, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Complete. (Document ID: 30936057). Fantuzzo, J., Fusco, R., Mohr, W., Perry, M. (2007). Domestic Violence and Children’s Presence: A Population-based Study of Law Enforcement Surveillance of Domestic Violence. Journal of Family Violence, 22(6), 331-340. doi:10.1007/s10896-007-9080-4. Koch, K. (2000, April 7). Child poverty. CQ Researcher, 10, 281-304. Retrieved April 4, 2010, from CQ Researcher Online, http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2000040700. Macionis, J.J. (2006) Society: The Basics Eighth Edition, Published by Prentice-Hall Poverty and Women in the United States. (2001). In Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender. Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/estwomen/poverty_and_women_in_the_united_stat es

Hinduism and the Religion’s Worldviews Essay Example for Free

Hinduism and the Religion’s Worldviews Essay Hinduism is not merely a religion, it is also a philosophy and the culture in India, and it has already been a marked part of their everyday living. So much so that everything aspect of their daily lives goes back to it; and it has 950 million followers to wit (mostly from India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Pakistan). Hinduism ranks third as the world’s largest religion after Christianity and Islam, and it is also said to be one of the world’s oldest organized religion along with Judaism (VandeWeghe, 2007). Hinduism and Christianity differ in many ways, and it is rational that there are disagreements and contradictions when two people from different religions involve themselves in a conversation regarding their beliefs. The purpose of this paper is to discover an effective way to build a pleasant relationship with a Hindu in order to be able to share the gospel with them. In order to accomplish this aim, this paper will discuss the origin, beliefs, practices and the views of Hinduism about Christianity and how they differ from the said religion. Hinduism: A Closer Look According to Robinson (2007), besides being called â€Å"Hinduism†, it is also referred to as Sanata Dharma (eternal religion) and Vaidika Dharma (religion of the Vedas). Hinduism has no specific founder and the day that it was born is still unknown; however, there are two theories regarding the origin of the religion. One is the Classical Theory which explains that Hinduism originated at the Indus Valley around 4000BCE to 2200BCE and that its development was due to various foreign invasions particularly of the Indo-Aryan for they are the ones who were said to have brought the religion of Vedism. The other is the Emerging Theory which went against the first theory by proving that there were no foreign invasions along the Indus Valley and that the Vedic religion (Hinduism at 1500BCE to 500BCE) was allowed to flourish by the same group of people who later called themselves Aryan. The Hindu scriptures as well as literatures, which are even older than the Bible’s Old Testament, are the sources of the religion’s beliefs and practices. The most sacred Hindu scriptures are the four Vedas (Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda) which consists of hymns, incantations, rituals and explanations – among which the Rig Veda (1700BCE to 1100BCE) is said to be the oldest. There are also the Upanishads which discussed â€Å"states of consciousness, dreams, meditations, self-realizations and unity†; the Darshanas which consists of six philosophical system and teachings derived from the Vedas; and lastly and the most recent, the Puranas which tells the stories of the most recent gods (Reid Corduan, 2008). Hinduism also has the two great epics that show the virtues and ideals that are significant to the religion; the first is the Ramayana which is a tale about a prince named Rama and his wife, Sita, and the Mahabarata, a collection of poems which states the duties of a â€Å"religious, law-abiding man† (Mason, 2000). Not only is Hinduism one of the oldest and largest religions, it is also said to be the most complex one (McDowell, 2002). There are various beliefs in Hinduism and one of them is the very popular and highly criticized Caste System which is said to be the cause of inequality and harsh laws in India. There are four main castes; the Brahmin (priest-teachers), kshatriyas (soldier-nobles), vaishyas (merchants) and sudras (servants). In the early periods, it was supposed to be part of the divine order, however, as years passed by, subcastes were developed and there came the outcastes or the untouchables – people who do not belong to any of the four main castes (Perry, 1989). Associated with this system are other beliefs. The belief that each of them have dharma (duty), depending on which caste they were born into; they also believe in karma and samsara (reincarnation) – thus, they believe that if they do their duty properly, they will have good karma and will be reincarnated into a higher class. On the contrary, if they did not, they might be reincarnated to the lower class or even as an animal. Their goal is to achieve moksha (release), which is their concept of salvation. Here they would not be liberated from sin but to life existence itself for they believe that as long as they are in the maya (phenomenal world) suffering would never stop because of karma and samsara. Moksha can be attained in three ways, by â€Å"way of works†, â€Å"way of knowledge† and â€Å"way of devotion† (bhakti) which is the most popular one, in which a person will completely devote himself to a certain god and the latter will take care of everything in his behalf (Reid Corduan, 2008). In early Hinduism, Jesus Christ has no particular role in the religion and is not even mentioned in their scriptures; however, due to the rise of Christianity, Hindu thinkers thought of a place where they could put Jesus Christ in their religion. According to Reid and Corduan (2008), since Hinduism is a polytheistic religion, the Hindus viewed Jesus Christ as one of the incarnations or avatars of Brahman who, like Rama and Krishna, is a â€Å"divine self-embodiment† in order to preserve Hindu teachings and another way was by saying that Jesus Christ spent his â€Å"silent years† in India to proclaim the teachings of Hinduism. Nevertheless, Hindus’ incorporation of Jesus Christ into their religion does not seem to fit properly. According to McDowell (2002), Hinduism is known to be tolerant towards other religions because of similarities with Hinduism. This is believed to be one of the characteristics of a polytheistic and henotheistic (believing in one god and regarding other gods and goddesses as just manifestations) religions. However, due to rise of a nationalistic political party which took hold of the India’s government, the separation of church and state collapsed and religious tolerance went down as well, increasing anti-Christian violence in the country (Robinson, 2007). Christianity and Hinduism has numerous differences and some of them are the following: Hinduism’s Supreme Being is the Brahman, an indefinable and impersonal deity, while Christianity has a loving, personal and caring Creator. Hinduism looks at man as a materialization of Brahman who has no value and self-worth at all, whereas, Christianity proclaims that man is created in the very image of God that deserves to love and be loved despite their sinful deeds. When it comes to sins, there are no sins that are committed against Brahman, things that were done wrong are taken as results of ignorance that can be redeemed by following the duty of a specific caste to which the person belongs to and the path going to salvation. On the other hand, wrongdoings that are done within Christianity is taken as acts of rebellion against God. Salvation in Hinduism is referred to as moksha and can be attained in three ways which cannot be accomplished in one lifetime, while salvation in the Christian sense is granted by God to those who deserve it after being separated from him. Lastly, even their view of the material world differ – for a Hindu, the material world is an extension of Brahman and just a transitory and secondary importance; on the contrary, Christians see the material world as an objective reality and a something total different from God (McDowell, 2002). However, despite these differences, it is said that Hindus accept Jesus, but not the Christian relgion. In fact, they even refer Christianity to â€Å"Churchianity. † According to Abhedananda (2002), Hindus can tell apart the religion of Jesus Christ from the religion of the Church for the reason that the true religion of Jesus Christ is a religion of the heart. Thus, it has no dogma and no theology, no rituals and ceremonies, and is not based from a book. From their perspective, the religion of the Church is based from a book, is full of creeds and rituals, and even has an organized way of preaching them. When it comes to the Gospels, they see it as full of inconsistencies and discrepancies, and one very doubtful area for the Hindus comes from their awareness that Jesus Christ did not have His own writings and that there are no precise and contemporary accounts of His life inside and outside of the Bible. In order to share the Gospels to the Hindus, Rev. Dharmaraj (2001), gave some advice to approach the Hindus and make them listen to the Gospels. He said that one should determine and understand what type of Hindu community one intends to visit, since there are different sects that belong to Hinduism. Next, he said that one should explain the concepts incorporated in the Gospels in order for them to understand the Gospels for they have their own understanding of God, salvation, sin, among others. Lastly, Christians should deal with the challenges of dogmatism, risks of syncretism and to focus on evangelism. In addition, according to Reid and Corduan (2008), a Christian should connect with the person rather with the person’s religion; Christians should approach them along with humanitarian efforts and outreach projects since Hinduism does not cater to such. Through a combination of these, Hindus have already felt the kind of loving relationships that pay no attention to the caste which have long been abolished but is still being practiced. The salvation of Christianity even reached them in a way, and it even made them accept Jesus Christ more as they felt that they have been freed from the dark aspects of Hinduism. The one who comes from above is above all. The one who is of the earth is earthly and speaks of earthly things. But the one who comes from heaven [is above all]. He testifies to what he has seen and heard, but no one accepts his testimony. Whoever does accept his testimony certifies that God is trustworthy. For the one whom God sent speaks the words of God. He does not ration his gift of the Spirit. The Father loves the Son and has given everything over to him. Whoever believes in the Son has eternal life, but whoever disobeys the Son will not see life, but the wrath of God remains upon him. (John 3:31-36, NAB) In the given Gospel, in order for a Hindu to understand it, one should clarify that the God in the Gospel is the Creator and that His son is Jesus Christ, the Savior of mankind from sins. In addition, it will also be better to give a slight background of what the Gospel is about – say that at this point in the Gospel, the Savior have finally presented Himself in front of the people. The Hindu should also be informed that â€Å"eternal life† is referring to the promised salvation in a Christian context and that it can only be attained by believing in Jesus Christ. On the other hand, the Christian should also point out what â€Å"the wrath of God† means, so that the Hindu could have insights as to the consequences of not obeying their God. And since this pertains to the concept of Hell, it should be also explained again in totality for Hindus do not have this concept in their belief system. Hinduism is a large complex religion that is older than Christianity. If one would be able to understand the essentials of this religion, it would be easy to reach out to the Hindus and make them listen to the Gospel. Christians have their views about Hinduism and Hindus likewise have their own views about Christianity. While they criticize and contradict each other about most of the aspects of their beliefs, setting them aside for awhile in order to learn about one another’s religion makes it possible to establish not just communication but also an open, two-way relationship. To share a Gospel to Hindus, proper understanding of Hinduism is required along with the use of an effective interpersonal approach. References Mason, C. (2000). A short history of Asia – Stone Age to 2000AD. London: Palgrave Macmillan Perry, M. (1989). A history of the world.Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Holy Bible: the new American Bible. (1987). Nashville: Thomas Nelson Abhedananda, S. (2002). Why a Hindu accepts Christ and rejects Churchianity. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Hinduism website: http://www. hinduism. co. za/jesus. htm Dharmahal, P. (1992). Communicating Christ to the Hindu world. Retrieved April 1, 2008 from Mission Frontiers website: http://www. missionfrontiers. org/1992/0912/sd9211. htm McDowell, J. (2002). A ready defense. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Jesus Who website: http://www. greatcom. org/resources/areadydefense/ch24/default. htm Reid, P. Corduan, W. (2008). About Hinduism. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Christian Answers Network website: http://christiananswers. net/evangelism/beliefs/hinduism. html Robinson, B. A. (2007). Hinduism: the world’s third largest religion. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Religious Tolerance website: http://www. religioustolerance. org/hinduism. htm VandeWeghe, R. (2007). Prepared to answer. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Windmill Ministries website: http://www. windmillministries. org/frames/CH30A. htm

The Scale and Diversity of the Hospitality Industry

The Scale and Diversity of the Hospitality Industry The Hospitality Industry is one of the most vast and fast growing Industries in the World. Its industry is known to provide services like providing food, beverages and accommodation. Some key job titles in this vast industry that help run it are namely: Accommodation manager, Catering manager, Conference centre manager, Event organizer, Fast food restaurant manager, Hotel manager, Public house manager, Restaurant chain area manager, Restaurant manager. To get a job in this field the employer may consider several facts like ones past education and personal aspects like: Personality, consistency in work, a keen attitude, a friendly nature, a willingness to work, confidence, neat appearance, cleanliness, personal hygiene, over all personality, ability to provide customer service efficiency and honesty at work. Apart from being one of the highest rated and desired industries to start a profession in The Hospitality Industry also offers equality among all. From a survey done by The INTERNATINAOL JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT, Volume 16,Issue 2, June 1997, pages 161-179, read an article stating EQUAL OPPERTUNITIS FOR WOMEN EMPLOYEES IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY: A COMPARISONBETWEEN FRANCE, ITALY SPAIN AND THE UK by Jean Burrell, Simon Etta Manfred and Hilary Rollin. The article stated how the Hospitality industry in the UK offers equal posts for women as well as men irrespective of their cast, race etc. The industry of hospitality has been a great source all over the world in generating employment. The Hospitality industry is a large employer to many ethnic minorities all over the world. The Industry makes a major part of its earnings from several sources one of the main sources being the foreign exchange earnings. Tourism being one of the main segments of the hospitality industry it very important to know about its aspects for the growth and the scope of the hospitality industry. Chris Cooper the author of the book Contemporary Tourism Reviews said that the, tourism industry can be defined as a whole range of individuals, businesses, organizations and places which combine in some way to deliver a travel experience. The hospitality industry can be claimed to be the most elaborate working sector in the market today. It is present in practically every field and everyplace. Be it schools, colleges, hotels, prisons, airports, stations etc. The Hospitality Industry consists of a very broad category of various fields within the industry itself also, Such as Restaurants bars Marketing sales Human resources Housekeeping Travel agencies Tourism management Front office Hotels/Lodging etc The hospitality industry has contributed in many ways to the betterment of the society. These may include an increase in disposable incomes, offering more time for leisure activities, easier and cheaper ways to travel as a result of an improved style of living. These contributions made by the hospitality industry are significant and wide-ranging. Production and service, leisure service, large as well as small-scale employments are some factors that are contributed by the hospitality industry. Catering and the hotel industry are known as one of the fastest growing industries in the world today. They are not only the key element of the tourism department but also a huge donor towards bringing in foreign currency. From one of the surveys conducted by THE BRITISH HOSPITALITY ASSOCIATION, 2004 overseas visitors spent close to 12 billion pounds of a total value of 76 billion pounds which was the total amount of the tourism (2003) Millions of people like to have a quick snack or prefer having meals near their place of work or study, this is possible through a large contribution of cafà ©s, restaurants, public houses etc. PRESS RELEASEUNITED KINGDOM: RESTAURANTS MARKET RESERCH REPORT RELEASED IN MARCH 2009 MBD`s REPORT: after researching the restaurants market in the UNITED KINGDOM and also taking into account other factors the following report was made by MBD. MARKET REVIEW 2004 2008 In the year 2008 the restaurants industry in the UK had faced a decline of 3% (around  £5373 million) this is due to a descending pressure on restaurant turnover caused by an increase in economic qualms. Also there was a downfall in consumer spending due to rising cost of food. From 2004 2007 there was an early increase in the sales resulting to a growth in the industry every year . MARKET FORECAST 2009 2013 Fats food, take away, pick and go services, in-house catering facilities are a furthermore huge contribution towards improvement In standard of living, offering discretionary income which is enjoyed by a huge majority of people which was only constrained just to the affluent in the society. Being one of the fastest expanding sectors of the economy, the hospitality industry solely stands as a multi billion and growing industry. It offers so much accompanied with entertainment, food, accommodation etc, and unlimited opportunity. The industry is so immense, that it offers diverse people a various number of job opportunities to chose from in their area of interest all within the same industry. Common features involved in the hospitality management are planning, directing, organizing and controlling of material as well as human resources within the lodging, travel and tourism, restaurant, institutional management, recreational management. All of these are separate yet related segments of the same industry interdependent on each other to provide service to the guest. There are various Sectors within the Hospitality industry it self, such as: Food and Beverage Lodging Recreation Travel Tourism THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM The Classification System can be based on a various number of things depending on the Food service, size and additional facilities etc. Mostly all major departments are also sub divided in to other sub divisions so as to cater to specific needs and also offer a large variety of options to choose from allowing one to choose exactly what is demanded and also helps to compare and contrast between several options. FOOD AND BEVERAGE The food and beverage industry can also be stated as the backbone of the hospitality sector. Offering food and beverage services from sectors as small as a pub at the corner to a 5 star club. From a small cafà © with a preset menu to a gigantic catering company serving more than a 1000 people a day. The Food and beverage industry has undergone many changes over the past years depending on the factors of continual evolution in global market forces, changes in consumer preferences, regulation proposed by the government, which are making direct effects on the change in manufacturing strategies around the world. Major and familiar names such as MC DONALDS, COCA COLA, STARBUCKS ETC can be found almost everywhere in the world proving the fact how the industry had expanded during the past half century. The growth in the food and beverage industry has brought an economic boom to many nations such as CHINA, INDIA, BRAZIL, and VIETNAM. The FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY can be further sub-classified into many smaller groups such as BARS AND TAVERNS CATTERING FAST FOOD FRANCHISES GENRAL FOOD SERVICE AND HOSPITALITY QUICK SERVICE VENDING TAKE OUT/AWAY AND DELIVERY SERVICES FIVE STAR HOTEL REF: http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.upgradetravelbetter.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/11/versace- A LODGE REF: http://www.google.co.uk/images?hl=enbiw=1440bih=679gbv=2tbs=isch%3A1sa=1q=lodgeaq=faqig10aqloq Different segments of Hospitality Catering There are several types of catering naming a few: Wedding food catering Corporate Catering Buffet Catering Ala carte Catering Party Catering Commercial Catering Types Of Full service Hotels Convention Hotel Luxury Hotel Resort Hotel Extended-Stay Hotel Types Of Limited service Hotels Limited-service Hotels Budget Hotels Specialty Accommodations Conference Centers Lodges Bed-and-Breakfast Hostel Campgrounds Institutional Housing Dormitory Senior Housing

Educating Rita :: English Literature

Educating Rita Question How does the play write show the audience the differences between the two characters by the way that they behave according to the stage directions and the way that they use language? What comments is he making by showing us these two very different characters. I will be writing about two scenes from a play called Educating Rita. The play is about two completely different characters from two completely different backgrounds, brought together by education. The two characters are Frank and Rita; Frank is a middle class university professor, who has been very well educated and has a partner called Julia. Rita is a married working class woman who has had little education little education throughout her life, so wanting two change this, by taking an open University course in English literature. Written by Willy Russell. The playwright shows the audience the differences between Frank and Rita even at the start of scene six by showing how professional, neat and tidy frank is, he writes, â€Å"Frank enters carrying a brief case and a pile of essays. He goes to the filing cabinet, takes his lecture notes from his brief case and puts them in his drawer. This also shows Franks life is run according to a timetable in the way everything is done calmly and in time. Like a very well established daily routine and that nothing out of the ordinary ever happens. The playwright shows that due to his education he can relax and enjoy him self calmly by reading and doesn’t need television to entertain him. â€Å"He picks up the packet of sandwiches, takes a bite and picks up a book and starts reading. And this seems to reflect the way he lives his life in general. Franks moment of relaxation is quickly shattered when Rita bursts through the door in a state of intense excitement, after visiting a profession theatre the night before for the first time. This shows Rita like a child because she is so excited about what she saw she cant contain her self and has to express her ideas and feelings. And because of her little education she finds it hard to say her ideas: â€Å"wasn’t his wife a cow, eh?† Frank is shocked at Rita’s dramatic entry because it doesn’t fit into his timetable like day. When Rita explains that she went to the theatre and then Frank sighs this shows he doesn’t think its anything big because he probably goes a lot of the time and also shows his greater experience of culture compared to Rita. Then he smiles and this is when he realises that this is a

Computers And Finance :: essays research papers fc

Computers have made financial bookkeeping much easier, and people no longer have to spend hours tracking investments or pay someone else to do their taxes. Moreover, the advancement in technology has allowed governments to cut back on the number of big companies and employees hired to process tax returns, resulting in the saving of millions of dollars. Although these advancements are extraordinary, they are not without their shortcomings. The IRS has had increased trouble in tracking fraudulent tax returns, and has had to revamp its detection system. The most surprising part of Microsoft's current purchase of Intuit, the maker of the Quicken line of personal finance software was not the $1.5 billion price, which was fifty percent over the market value (Schlender 14). It was not even the fact that Bill Gates, America's richest entrepreneur, is in a position to become America's richest banker (14). The most surprising thing was that it did not happen earlier (14). For years Gates has had a dream of putting "electronic commerce at the core of personal computing," and now he finally has the software to accompany that dream (14). His idea includes a "Wallet PC" that can be carried around with people at all times (14). Microsoft believes that it can provide what executive VP Mike Maples refers to as a "whole new value chain" that will allow customers to interact by modem with banks, insurance companies, pension funds, etc. (14). Quicken is already being used by six million people to pay bills, manage credit, write checks, and handle taxes (14). For those of you scoring at home, it has 5.2 million more users than Microsoft's Money software (14). That is a prime reason that Gates basically wanted to give up the product and donate it to his competitor Novell (14). Programs such as Quicken are excellent for keeping track of what is spent at home, but can be a big hassle for keeping track of the money spent on business trips (Baig 20). One way to solve the problem would be to carry a notebook computer with Quicken on it, but as Edward Baig states "It's just not practical to boot up a laptop each time I step out of a taxi" (20). Intuit has released Pocket Quicken, a "Quicken Lite" for those who carry around digital assistants to help alleviate that problem (20). Pocket Quicken is built into the new Hewlett-Packard 200LX palmtop, the Tandy/Casio Zoomer PDA's, and the AST Gridpad 2390, but is not sold as a separate product just yet (20). Computers And Finance :: essays research papers fc Computers have made financial bookkeeping much easier, and people no longer have to spend hours tracking investments or pay someone else to do their taxes. Moreover, the advancement in technology has allowed governments to cut back on the number of big companies and employees hired to process tax returns, resulting in the saving of millions of dollars. Although these advancements are extraordinary, they are not without their shortcomings. The IRS has had increased trouble in tracking fraudulent tax returns, and has had to revamp its detection system. The most surprising part of Microsoft's current purchase of Intuit, the maker of the Quicken line of personal finance software was not the $1.5 billion price, which was fifty percent over the market value (Schlender 14). It was not even the fact that Bill Gates, America's richest entrepreneur, is in a position to become America's richest banker (14). The most surprising thing was that it did not happen earlier (14). For years Gates has had a dream of putting "electronic commerce at the core of personal computing," and now he finally has the software to accompany that dream (14). His idea includes a "Wallet PC" that can be carried around with people at all times (14). Microsoft believes that it can provide what executive VP Mike Maples refers to as a "whole new value chain" that will allow customers to interact by modem with banks, insurance companies, pension funds, etc. (14). Quicken is already being used by six million people to pay bills, manage credit, write checks, and handle taxes (14). For those of you scoring at home, it has 5.2 million more users than Microsoft's Money software (14). That is a prime reason that Gates basically wanted to give up the product and donate it to his competitor Novell (14). Programs such as Quicken are excellent for keeping track of what is spent at home, but can be a big hassle for keeping track of the money spent on business trips (Baig 20). One way to solve the problem would be to carry a notebook computer with Quicken on it, but as Edward Baig states "It's just not practical to boot up a laptop each time I step out of a taxi" (20). Intuit has released Pocket Quicken, a "Quicken Lite" for those who carry around digital assistants to help alleviate that problem (20). Pocket Quicken is built into the new Hewlett-Packard 200LX palmtop, the Tandy/Casio Zoomer PDA's, and the AST Gridpad 2390, but is not sold as a separate product just yet (20).

Contrast of Irony and Style in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour Essay

Contrast of Irony and Style in Kate Chopin's The Story of an Hour  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kate Chopin's use of irony in her short story, "The Story of an Hour," stands in direct contrast to the subtle manner in which she tells the story. Strong use of irony in a short story yields more honesty in a character. She achieves this quality by immediately setting the premise, that Mrs. Mallard's fragile health would ultimately lead to her demise, upon receiving the news of her husband's death. Before an immediate assumption can be made about Mrs. Mallard, Chopin begins to start another path. This divergence is apparent at the point of the story where Mrs. Mallard's reaction is anticipated, yet, "She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance" (170). Mrs. Mallard does indeed grieve the loss of her husband, but, "When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone" (170). Chopin discharges the inner feelings of her character simultaneously with those that are expected of her. For many people, an event of such significance as the death of a loved one, would be considered their darkest day. An individual's loss may lead to a bitter and pessimistic view of their world, finding fault with anything within even the most glorious of days. Paragraph five is vivid with pleasant imagery, as "new spring life," and "delicious breath of rain," become symbolic of Mrs. Mallard's release of her inner feelings. Hardly the reaction one might have expected. There are new hopes and aspirations ahead of her, not the direct opposite as one would assume. Yet, Mrs. Mallard is fearful of the feelings overcoming her, as if repressing a dirty thought. As if hearing the voice of society... ... the entire story, as Chopin writes: And yet she loved him ---sometimes. Often she had not. What did it matter! What could love, the unsolved mystery, count for in face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being! (171) This paragraph could not be anymore honest than it already is. It is plain to see how this short story challenged the thinking at the time. Great writers are the ones that have the foresight, and chutzpah to challenge the establishment. To break down the harmful norms dictated by a select few. Maybe the great irony lies in how many people felt the same way as Mrs. Mallard, but did not seize the opportunity. It is perhaps more shocking to see how far society has come, only to see how far it has left to go. Works Cited: Chopin, Kate. The Story of an Hour. (1894). 31 Apr. 2003. Contrast of Irony and Style in Kate Chopin's The Story of an Hour Essay Contrast of Irony and Style in Kate Chopin's The Story of an Hour  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kate Chopin's use of irony in her short story, "The Story of an Hour," stands in direct contrast to the subtle manner in which she tells the story. Strong use of irony in a short story yields more honesty in a character. She achieves this quality by immediately setting the premise, that Mrs. Mallard's fragile health would ultimately lead to her demise, upon receiving the news of her husband's death. Before an immediate assumption can be made about Mrs. Mallard, Chopin begins to start another path. This divergence is apparent at the point of the story where Mrs. Mallard's reaction is anticipated, yet, "She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance" (170). Mrs. Mallard does indeed grieve the loss of her husband, but, "When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone" (170). Chopin discharges the inner feelings of her character simultaneously with those that are expected of her. For many people, an event of such significance as the death of a loved one, would be considered their darkest day. An individual's loss may lead to a bitter and pessimistic view of their world, finding fault with anything within even the most glorious of days. Paragraph five is vivid with pleasant imagery, as "new spring life," and "delicious breath of rain," become symbolic of Mrs. Mallard's release of her inner feelings. Hardly the reaction one might have expected. There are new hopes and aspirations ahead of her, not the direct opposite as one would assume. Yet, Mrs. Mallard is fearful of the feelings overcoming her, as if repressing a dirty thought. As if hearing the voice of society... ... the entire story, as Chopin writes: And yet she loved him ---sometimes. Often she had not. What did it matter! What could love, the unsolved mystery, count for in face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being! (171) This paragraph could not be anymore honest than it already is. It is plain to see how this short story challenged the thinking at the time. Great writers are the ones that have the foresight, and chutzpah to challenge the establishment. To break down the harmful norms dictated by a select few. Maybe the great irony lies in how many people felt the same way as Mrs. Mallard, but did not seize the opportunity. It is perhaps more shocking to see how far society has come, only to see how far it has left to go. Works Cited: Chopin, Kate. The Story of an Hour. (1894). 31 Apr. 2003.

Pity for the Damned: Dante’s Quest for Personal Understanding

In the epic poem The Inferno by Dante Alighieri, Dante experiences pity for the damned souls in hell, which defies the Christian Church's concept of frowning upon those in purgatory. Canto XIII of The Inferno exemplifies Dante's ideas about people who commit suicide, which runs entirely contrary to the Church, who believes that those who commit suicide have dishonored God's gift of human life. Dante's defiance reflects his ability to analyze his surroundings and utilize his free will to think when released from the Church's grasp. Interestingly, he is only able to feel complete mental freedom in Hell, the place the Church disdains. Therefore, this poem is Dante criticizing society for blindly following the Church and diminishing their ability to think for themselves, and the Church for creating this type of controlling environment. Canto XIII (The Forest of Suicides) is solely dedicated to suicides, unlike any other Canto, which illustrates the significance of this point in Dante's journey to the underworld. He passes through six levels of hell before reaching the circle of violence and he has not felt this much pity since the story of Francesca. Upon entering the forest Dante questions his surroundings, an expected response of him. The entrance to the woods illustrates the pull between the imagined and experienced, and more importantly, what is written and left unsaid. Virgil tells Dante, ‘†Look well-you will see things that, in my telling, would seem to strip my words of truth. ‘/Lamentations I heard on every side but I saw no one who might be crying out so that, confused, I stopped† (Dante 239) Dante's bewilderment personifies the strangeness of the seventh circle of hell and his feeling towards suicides: confused, nervous, and wary. Virgil brings Dante further into the woods because he believes that Dante should honor these souls and pay attention to them, for the possibility remains they were not shown attention in their lives on earth. Continuing through the forest, Virgil tempts Dante to break a twig and witness the result in response to Dante's joking comment of the sounds coming from the trees (239). To Dante's amazement, the twig bleeds human blood and speaks: â€Å"‘Why do you tear me? Have you no pity? /We were once men that now are turned to thorns†¦ ‘†(241). Here Dante turns from a skeptic, to being fearful, to a believer of Virgil's words and in use of his free will to feel emotion. The pity he feels for the souls stuck in twisted thorny trees for eternity bothers him because imagining himself in their position is nerve wracking. Moreover, the punishment given to those who commit suicide is everlasting pain and suffering. Having rejected their bodies on earth, these souls are decreed unable to assume human form. In committing suicide, the souls declared their God-given bodies unimportant, a sin in Christianity. Thus arguably Dante feels more pity for the souls in the forest because he understands that suicide commonly occurs from external pressures and disasters. Thus those in the forest are dead because of other people's actions, an unfair and unfortunate event. His pity shines through when Dante and Virgil conduct their ritual question and answer of the deceased. The souls trapped in the trees tell Virgil and Dante of how they got to the seventh circle and Dante becomes incredibly worked up and cannot speak, demonstrating his heartfelt emotions and sympathy. A soul speaks and says, â€Å"‘If one of you goes back into the world, let him restore my memory, which still lies helpless beneath the blow that envy dealt it'†(243) This statement implies committing two sins, envy and suicide. Hearing his words, Dante becomes overwhelmed with despair. First he had no words in response because of shock and building emotion, but decides they must continue with the interviews. He says, â€Å"Please question him about the things you think I need to know. For I cannot, such pity fills my heart'†(243). Previously Dante could relate somewhat to each circle and fear their punishment for himself, but he has not experienced killing himself, yet the anguish he feels is elevated. Presumably he feels like this because he sees no way out for them besides Judgment Day, which is unlikely to release them from suffering. Virgil asks the souls if they can one day be free, but they do not seem hopeful (245). A soul resumes to explain what happens to their bodies when they arrive in the seventh circle; they are treated like a rotten piece of meat that not even a dog would eat. Their bodies are flung without care into the forest, no specific place chosen, and it fastens down to sprout roots and grow into the thorny, horrifying mess they stepped in to. In a sense, the way the bodies are treated is another form of punishment. Since they went astray from God's plan, they are treated accordingly. Furthermore, once the thicket grows wild and big, The Harpies, terrifying creatures who live in the forest of suicides, feed on the branches housing the souls, meaning their punishment is endless pain so they never forget the feeling of suicide. Out of the blue two souls come running towards them, this encounter further reveals Dante's character. The souls are consciously running to their deaths with yearning and run into a thorn bush where a dog mangles the bodies and runs away with their limbs. Following straight after the event Dante and Virgil approach the bush the souls ran in to, as it was crying (247). Through this particular instance, Dante comments on the importance of nature in human life. Nature and Man coexist, but Man believes that nature is below us and therefore has the power to treat it as we please. The bush did not want the soul to impound itself on it, but the soul did not consider that. Dante shows deep compassion for the bush simply by approaching it as if a physical human was crying. He breaks his nervous and confused mindset completely, exhibiting his change in heart and mind towards these tormented souls. Once the soul has rested in the bush, it has more concern for itself then when it was alive. The soul's physical body was what pained him and being known as the person he once was seems to have been overwhelming. Why this is remains unknown, but the reason is unimportant because the fact that someone would detest themselves or their life to such a great extent, means something must have happened to them that could not be erased. The act of killing his or herself was an act of relief from their previous identity, which is expressed through his concern for its bush after death: â€Å"‘O souls who have arrived to see the shameless carnage that has torn me from my leaves, /gather them here at the foot of this wretched bush'†(247). The nameless soul asks for a simple and modest favor, which further shows its relaxed state of mind. Dante of course pities the soul, and being a learned man, acknowledges the importance of people's relationship with the natural world. He helps the soul because he realizes it was once human but because of unfortunate events it resides in the forest. Moreover, Dante's act exposes the anger within himself for his treatment of the branch when he entered the forest. Breaking the twig and seeing it bleed was terrifying and unexpected, but he has a chance to redeem himself by collecting the leaves for the soul. The decision to leave the soul nameless indicates the commonality of suicide during this time period, which alludes to a misshapen society. If the Florentine people were commonly killing themselves and going against the Church, their reasons must have been grand because devotion to the Church was everything and almost mandated if one desired acceptance. Therefore, through having a nameless soul Dante criticizes the Church and their punishments and implying that life was worse than hell. When the soul speaks of Florence and identifies himself as Florentine from his reference to Mars (155), Dante feels even greater pity because he is reminded of disturbing incidents of suicide and hanging where he grew up. Likely Dante knew people who committed suicide, which would make his sadness stronger. Knowing that someone you love must endure such a terrible afterlife is devastating, so for the love of his homeland and to help the souls in the forest, Dante loses fear and shock and genuinely helps the soul, which is an important moment. He has not felt sad enough to help any other soul in hell, but this one is different because it resonates with him on a personal level. Dante's grief throughout Inferno raises the issue of God's Divine Justice and if his punishments are fair. By questioning God's power, Dante puts himself out on the line and forces the reader to question God as well, aiming to alleviate the pressures of the Church on the individual and allowing one to think for one's self. Although Dante concludes that the crime fits the punishment, he shows remorse for the souls. His remorse sprouts from his acute awareness of his surroundings and understanding of his standing on earth. Without reading Inferno through Dante's eyes, the reader could not have comprehended the importance of each circle of hell for him. Not only is Dante's journey a trip to the underworld; it is a journey to find himself. The opening lines of the epic poem illustrate his internal unrest by describing the â€Å"dark wood† where his path was lost (3). Entering each circle of hell means a learning experience for Dante and a chance to figure out who he is and where he wants to go in life. By Canto XIII his evolution is evident. Instead of collapsing from pity, he overcomes his emotions and allows himself to interact with the nameless soul. Dante has matured since entering Limbo, which benefits him in as he descends deeper into hell because he has the chance to analyze the soul's situation and connect further, rather than assuming the role of the fainthearted.

Implementing Strategic Choice

What advice would you give to management concerning the best way to implement strategic choices in an organization? There are four types of tactics that management can use to implement strategic plans in an organization: intervention, persuasion, participation, and edict. Intervention tactics begins when a manager decides to make strategic changes. The manager creates the need for change in minds of the group (leaders, peers) by reforming the systems (Nutt, 1998).This is done by showing a comparison between the present system and a reform system and showing performance gap. Then, the manager is ready to create steps to implement intervention tactics. Before using these steps, it is essential for a manager to be educated on possibilities, redirected threats, managed anger, built confidence, and reinforced the plans (Huse, 1975). It demands high level skills to create new norms to show the need for change for the organization. 2. How would your advice change based on whether the organi zation's environment was dynamic versus stable?A dynamic organization's environment has is one that is full of possible opportunities and possible treats. Therefore, managers, specifically planners and policy makers cannot analyze future environment? s condition with an assumption that it will stay in a predictable state. Managers are challenged to make environmental decisions to improve performance. According to Carlsson and El Sawy (2008), Decision making in turbulent environments is challenging because managers must decide and act rapidly.Consequently, decision-makers must plan for the uncertainties of the environment. One of the main factors that contribute to the sense of uncertainties is lack of communication. The lack of communication that prevents managers from making organization environment decisions such as: lack of information and lack of knowledge. In contrast, in a stable and predictable environment, managers who are the decision-makers can adhere to a long-term plan w hereas the uncertain or dynamic environment plans are short-term.

Essay on Machiavelli’s “The Prince” Essay

Since the beginning of civilization man has continually been faced with the complexity of creating a peaceful and unified existence for all, without resistance or violence. People have been trying to develop a system of how to rule effectively while acting ethically and morally to avoid chaos and destruction. However, as history has shown us this has not been an easy endeavor and very few rulers have been able to accomplish this. â€Å"This leads us to a question that is in dispute: Is it better to be loved than feared, or vice versa?† (Machiavelli, 51) An effective ruler would be one that relies upon fear without hatred, rather than love, as described by Niccolo Machiavelli in his book The Prince. In a perfect world all people would be good-hearted, all would treat each other equally, and all would follow and respect the rules of society. Machiavelli points out that people tend to focus how the world should be rather than how it is. â€Å"Let us leave to one side, then, all discussion of imaginary rulers and talk about practical realities.† (Machiavelli, 48) It is easier to complain about problems and society than it is to become a leader and produce positive change. All individuals have different perceptions of what it takes to keep order in a world where not all is good and not everyone gets along. It is easy for one to discuss ideals of how things ought to be, and to use reality to form a dream of something different that we believe would be better than the current state of affairs. Dreams though can not be actualized without action, and all the discussion in the world will accomplish nothing if everyone sits idly by. We all want peace, and in order to have peace there must be structure and in order to have structure you must have an effective leader that you trust to design the framework of how things will work. Ideally all would want a leader that is trustworthy, just, intelligent, compassionate, giving, and loyal to the people while at the same time having the ability to protect society from harm. â€Å"Now I know everyone will agree that if a ruler could have all the good qualities I have listed and none of the bad ones, then this would be an excellent state of affairs. But one can not have all the good qualities, nor always act in a praiseworthy fashion, for we do not live in an ideal world.† (Machiavelli, 48) Unfortunately in reality we can not have a leader that stands on a platform of extreme love or extreme hatred, if we expect to  remain safe and unharmed from the rest of the world. You need someone that is tough, and has the ability to enforce and maintain order upon people who are not always good and reliable, people who are selfish and have their own interests above all else. In reality people do not act responsibly out of love and consideration for others, but of fear what will happen if they do not act accordingly. It is important to keep in mind that to be feared is different than being hated. â€Å"But fear restrains men because they are afraid of punishment, and this fear never leaves them. Still, a ruler should make himself feared in such a way that, if he does not inspire love, at least he does not provoke hatred. For it is perfectly possible to be feared and not hated.† (Machiavelli, 52) If there were no consequences for bad behavior, people would have no reason to act any differently. It is not that punishment in itself creates hatred, but it is how the people are punished that will determine the fear or the hatred they have for their ruler. For example if one is caught stealing and then punished by having to serve some time in jail, that would cause them to fear you and to abide by the law. On the other hand if the punishment were death it would cause the people to hate the ruler for being so un-just and immoral. When a ruler becomes hated they lose all respect and control over the people, for they will reach a point that they can no longer endure the cruelty and rise against you. â€Å"Indeed, one of the most effective defenses a ruler has against conspiracies is to make sure he is not generally hated. For conspirators always believe the assassination of the ruler will be approved by the people.† (Machiavelli, 57) When people feel as they have been oppressed and abused for to long they will revolt and not think twice about getting rid of the ruler they are discontented with. For once the people have become determined to over throw their ruler, they have already lost all faith and feel there is nothing else to lose whether they are successful or not. It is not enough for a Ruler to be strictly feared, but to also appear to have some compassion and respect for the people that he oversees. It is imperative that an effective ruler is one that can balance fear, goodness, authority, respect, and compassion if he wishes to maintain harmonious  control. â€Å"So it is necessary for a ruler, if he wants to hold on to power, to learn how not to be good, and to know when it is and when it is not necessary to use this knowledge.† (Machiavelli, 48) The point Machiavelli makes here is that it is not enough to be completely good or completely evil, but to know when to do bad things in order to create good. Power is ultimately based on violence, and sometimes in order to preserve sovereignty and authoritative command, a ruler must engage in what society deems as immoral acts such as lying, betrayal, and even murder. So the conclusion is: If you take control of a state, you should make a list of all the crimes you have to commit and do them all at once. That way you will not have to commit new atrocities every day, and you will be able, by not repeating your evil deeds, to reassure your subjects and to win their support by treating them well. He, who acts otherwise, either out of squeamishness or out of bad judgment, has to hold a bloody knife in his hand all the time. A hated, thus unsuccessful ruler would be one that would not know his limits, and continue to use violence to obtain desired results. A wise ruler would be one who could look ahead and see when it is necessary to do harm so that he can know exactly what needs to be done, how to do it, and when to do it. Most importantly the ruler must have the ability to stop once what he has set out to do is accomplished. Violence and evil doing must be used sparingly to prevent the populous from hating you. A powerful leader needs the ability to equally rely upon intelligence and brute force, he must be able to discern when to use the different characteristics and be able to step into the role of either the lion or the fox at any moment. â€Å"Since a ruler, then, needs to know how to make good use of beastly qualities, he should take as his models among the animals both the fox and the lion, for the lion does not know how to avoid traps, and the fox is easily overpowered by wolves. So you must be a fox when it comes to suspecting a trap and a lion when it comes to making the wolves turn tail.† (Machiavelli, 54) Machiavelli is referring to the symbolism of the lion over the monarch power in England. The lion represented courage, strength, and  leadership; it was seen as being the dominant animal that could wipe out smaller animals. A fox on the other hand is timid, reserved, and clever; it thinks before it acts. There are only two ways to obtain power, either lawfully or un-lawfully. To do it lawfully is to be considered human and to do it un-lawfully by inciting violence is to be considered animalistic, so when stepping outside the law a ruler must choose whether to be lion and exercise brute force or to be the fox and exercise the mind. Nevertheless, you should be careful how you assess the situation and should think twice before you act. Do not be afraid of your own shadow. Employ policies that are moderated by prudence and sympathy. Avoid excessive self-confidence, which leads to carelessness, and avoid excessive timidity, which will make you insupportable. Machiavelli is reinforcing the significance of a ruler to have the ability to know when to act like a man and when to act like an animal. A feared but not hated ruler is one that does not act upon impulse but carefully calculates his moves in order to do what is necessary for the people, even if it means acting outside of the law. This essay began with the notion that if one wishes to be a successful ruler he or she must induce fear among the people to gain their respect as opposed to loving and being loved. How a ruler treats the people and how the people treat the ruler is the determining factor of how successful society will be. We have to look at the relationship between the people and the ruler as we would the relationship between a child and a parent. To be an effective parent you can not inflict harm upon your child, but you can inflict fear by imposing consequences to their negative behavior. If a child does something wrong we do not physically abuse him or her, but make them sit in time out or perhaps take away a privilege like playing video games. The child may be upset with you for a short time, but will not hate you and will respect your authority enough to abide by the rules in the future. On the other hand though, if you play the role of the best friend and consequences for negative behavior are non-existent then the child will go about doing what they please without regard for anyone else. Once the child realizes that he  or she will not be punished they have the ability to over power the parent. Religion also uses fear in order to enhance positive behavior and love among the people. No matter which religion one chooses to believe, he or she does not always willingly act with morals and ethics because in their heart they believe its right, but do so because they fear what will happen to their soul if they don’t. People fear negative consequences whether it is timeout, prison, or even hell and will most always act how they are told in order to avoid such punishments. Ruling with fear to create stability and harmony can be used in many everyday situations whether running the country, the household, the office, or the church. Bibliography Wootton, David, ed. The Prince. Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1995.